Santonic acid: Zn-HCl-ether reduction and ceric ammonium nitrate oxidation

Abstract

Reduction of santonic acid using Zn-HCl-ether yielded succinic anhydride derivatives via pinacolisation followed by rearrangement, whereas oxidation of santonic acid using ceric ammonium nitrate afforded five oxidative decarboxylation products. In the present study we report the use of cells of a Haloarchaeon for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesis of AgNPs occurred within 30 s on exposure of cells of Haloferax alexandrinus to silver nitrate in direct sunlight. Maximum AgNPs production was achieved within 4 min of exposure of silver nitrate (0.05 percent) to cells (5 mg/ml), at pH 7, at ambient day temperature (26-34 degrees C). The AgNPs had characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 420 nm in UV-Vis spectra. Spherical and irregular crystals ranging from 2 to 60 nm in size with an average size of 18 nm were observed in TEM analysis. The FTIR spectral analysis indicated involvement of N-H, -OH, C=O, C-O functional groups present in cells of Haloferax alexandrinus MTCC 3265. The biogenic AgNPs exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against human and mammalian pathogens, in the order of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617 Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028.