Prokaryotic diversity in Oxygen depleted waters of the Bay of Bengal inferred using culture-dependent and -independent methods

Abstract

There are regions in the world oceans where oxygen saturation is at its lowest, evident at depths between shelf to upper bathyal zone. These regions are known as Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs), which reportedly support phylogenetically diverse microbes. In this study, we aimed to characterize prokaryotic diversity in the water samples collected from 43, 200 and 1000 m depth of the Bay of Bengal Time Series location (BoBTS-18.0027 degrees N, 89.0174 degrees E) in the OMZ region. Illumina sequencing generated 3,921,854 reads of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, which corresponded to 5778 operational taxonomic units. The distribution of bacteria at class level varied with depth and oxygen concentration. alpha-Proteobacteria was found in abundance in 43 m and 1000 m depth water samples. gamma-Proteobacteria was prominently detected in oxygen-depleted depths of 200 m and 1000 m. AB16 (Marine Group A, originally SAR406) was restricted at dissolved oxygen concentration of 1.5 micrometre at 200 m. Archaeal members were observed in low abundance (2 percent), with a high occurrence of phylum Euryarchaeota at 43 m, while Crenarchaeota was detected only at 200 m depth. Select bacterial cultures were screened for their ability to reduce nitrate in vitro, to obtain insights into their possible role in the nitrogen cycle. A total of 156 bacterial isolates clustered majorly with Alcanivorax, Bacillus, Erythrobacter, Halomonas, Idiomarina and Marinobacter. Among them, 11 bacterial genera showed positive nitrate reduction in the Griess test. A large percentage (63.55 percent) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons corresponded to unidentified OTUs at genus or higher taxonomic levels, suggesting a greater undiscovered prokaryotic diversity in this oxygen depleted region.