Backpropagation neural network-based machine learning model for prediction of blood urea and glucose in CKD patients

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and its complication such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, etc. is a serious concern all over the world. Hence, monitoring some important blood parameters non-invasively is of utmost importance, that too with high accuracy. This paper presents an in-house developed system, which will be helpful for diabetes patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) to monitor blood urea and glucose. This manuscript discusses a comparative study for the prediction of blood urea and glucose using Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) model. The NVIDIA Jetson Nano board controls the five fixed LED wavelengths in the Near Infrared (NIR) region from 2.0 micrometre to 2.5 micrometre with a constant emission power of 1.2 mW. The spectra for 57 laboratory prepared samples conforming with major blood constituents of the blood sample were recorded. From these samples, 53 spectra were used for training/calibration of the BP-ANN/PLSR model and the remaining 4 samples were used for validating the model. The PLSR model predicts blood urea and glucose with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.88 and 12.01 mg/dL, Coefficient of Determination R2=0.93 and R2=0.97, Accuracy of 94.2 percent and 90.14 percent, respectively. To improve the prediction accuracy, BP-ANN model is applied. Later the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique was applied to these 57 spectra values. These PCA values were used to train and validate the BP-ANN model. After applying the BP-ANN model, the prediction of blood urea and glucose improved remarkably, which achieved RMSE of 0.69 mg/dL, R2=0.96, Accuracy of 95.96 percent for urea and RMSE of 2.06 mg/dL R2=0.99, and Accuracy of 98.65 percent for glucose. The system performance is then evaluated with Bland Altman analysis and Clarke Error Grid Analysis (CEGA).