Pincer-ruthenium-catalyzed reforming of methanol-selective high-yield production of formic acid and hydrogen

Abstract

A series of NNN pincer-ruthenium complexes of the type (sup(R2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(CH sub(3)CN) based on bis(imino)pyridine ligands were synthesized and characterized. These pincer ruthenium acetonitrile complexes, along with their phosphine and carbonyl counterparts, were tested for the reforming of methanol in water in the presence of a base. The catalyst (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(PPh sub(3)) was found to be the most efficient in comparison to other considered catalysts. Among the bases screened, KO sup(t)Bu (1.5 equiv with respect to water) was found to give the best results at temperatures as low as 100 degrees C. Under these conditions, while (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(PPh sub(3)) (0.2 mol percent) in a mixture of methanol and water in a 2:1 ratio gave a yield of up to 81 percent each of hydrogen and formic acid (FA) at 100 percent selectivity, the corresponding reaction with 2 mol percent (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(PPh sub(3)) gave up to 90 percent of hydrogen and 73 percent of FA at 80 percent selectivity. On the other hand, the (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(PPh sub(3)) (0.8 mol percent) catalyzed reforming of a 3:1 methanol/water mixture gave good yields (84 percent) of hydrogen with 81 percent FA at 95 percent selectivity. The yield of hydrogen was cross-verified by using it to reduce unsaturated compounds and determining the corresponding yield of the reduced product, which was found to be consistent. Isotope-labeling studies suggest the involvement of C-H activation as a part of the catalytic cycle and not as a part of the rate-determining step (RDS) with an average secondary KIE of 1.96. The reaction was observed to have a first-order dependence of rate on the concentration of both (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl sub(2)(PPh sub(3)) and methanol. DFT studies are in agreement with this, and the Sigma-bond metathesis leading to the elimination of the first molecule of hydrogen is computed to be the RDS either for the cycle leading to FA and 2 moles of hydrogen or for the cycle that results in carbon dioxide and 3 moles of hydrogen. The Ru-H species (sup(Cy2)NNN)RuCl(H) plays a decisive role in the unprecedented selectivity toward FA. In its choice to undergo a Sigma-bond metathesis either with the O-H of methanol (that completes the FA cycle) or with the O-H of FA that leads to carbon dioxide, it chooses the former as it is kinetically more favored by 4.58 kcal/mol. The current catalytic system comprising of NNN pincer-ruthenium phosphines based on bis(imino)pyridine ligands that gives high yields of H sub(2) and FA at unprecedented selectivity at low operating temperature offers immense promise in the transformation of methanol to clean-burning hydrogen and high-value FA.