What determines the host preferences of hemiepiphytic Ficus species? A study from Western Ghats, Goa, India

Abstract

The Ficus species play a vital role as keystone species in the tropical forest ecosystem. They are also referred to as figs and are classified as "free-standing" and "hemiepiphytic" based on their dependencies on host plants in the initial phase of their lifecycle. Despite their importance, the host association with hemiepiphytic Ficus species remain understudied. This study aims to understand their diversity, spatial distribution and factors that determine their interaction with the host. The study was conducted in the Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary of Western Ghats, India. We recorded 262 Ficus individuals across the natural trails. 89 plots of 30 m diameter were established around selected individuals (as focal plant) in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Further, each plot was defined as hemiepiphytic or non-hemiepiphytic based on the focal plant. Statistical analyses, including PARMANOVA and NMDS highlighted significant differences in species composition between plot types based on the forest types. The hemiepiphytic species were observed more on rough and fissured bark, notably preferring Terminalia paniculata, T. elliptica, Schleichera oleosa, and T. bellirica.